Online Symposium “Backgrounds of the war in Ukraine and its repercussions : Where are we standing now?” is jointly organized by Grant-in Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A)“Connectivity and Trust Building in Islamic Civilization”, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) “Democracy by Violence in the Twentieth Century: A Transnational History”, and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)”Melting Empire: Modernizing State and Destabilized Society in the Borderlands of Late Imperial Russia”.